The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) and the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI) are two of America’s largest and most popular investment funds. They’re also among our top-rated Vanguard funds here at Wallet Hacks. Not only are they a hit with individual investors, but both are commonly included in top robo-advisor portfolios. Each ETF represents the general US stock market in a portfolio. But in a head-to-head comparison (VOO vs. VTI), is one better than the other?
It can be a difficult decision because not only are the two funds similar in so many respects but they’re both provided by the same fund family – Vanguard.
The major differences between the two mega-funds boil down to seemingly small details that might make all the difference. Let’s drill down on the two funds and see which one might work better for you.
All information about the funds is accurate as of 10/31/2023.
Table of Contents
VOO vs. VTI – Differences at a Glance
The operations and management of both the Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) and the Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI) are similar, which is no surprise given that they’re both managed within the Vanguard family, but the two have a fundamental difference – they track different indices.
VOO is an index-based ETF that tracks the S&P 500 Index, as the name implies. The fund holds positions in approximately 500 of the most prominent publicly-traded companies in the US. But it also means the fund overall is more narrowly focused than VTI since it excludes both medium and small-cap stocks.
VTI tracks the performance of the CRSP US Total Market Index, which aims to represent the entire US stock market – which includes large, mid, and small-cap companies. On the CRSP website, they describe it as “Nearly 4,000 constituents across mega, large, small and micro capitalizations, representing nearly 100% of the U.S. investable equity market, comprise the CRSP US Total Market Index.” Like the VOO, VTI is a passively managed, index-based fund.
VOO owns about 500 companies whereas VTI owns over 4,000.
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VOO vs. VTI – A Direct Comparison
For further comparison, let’s take a closer look at three elements of these two Vanguard stalwarts:
- Portfolio Breakdown
- Fund Data
- Performance History
Portfolio Breakdown
VOO has over $851 billion total net assets and holds stock in more than 500 companies. The largest sector compositions include information technology (28.1%), healthcare (13.2%), , financials (12.7%)consumer discretionary (10.6%), and communication services (8.7%).
The ten largest holdings in the fund, which represent just over 30% of total net assets, include:
- Apple
- Microsoft Corp.
- Amazon.com Inc.
- Nvidia Corp.
- Alphabet Inc. Class A
- Tesla Inc.
- Facebook Class A
- Alphabet Inc. Class C
- Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
- Exxon Mobil Corp
VTI has about $1.3 trillion total net assets, with nearly 3,800 stocks. The largest sector compositions include technology (30.4%), consumer discretionary (14.1%), healthcare (12.5%), industrials (12.8%), and financials (10.5%).
The ten largest holdings in the fund, which represent just over 26% of total net assets, include the following companies:
- Apple
- Microsoft Corp.
- Amazon.com Inc.
- Nvidia Corp.
- Alphabet Inc. Class A
- Facebook Class A
- Alphabet Inc. Class C
- Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
- Tesla Inc.
- UnitedHealth Group Inc.
Don’t let the top ten holdings deceive you – these happen to be some of the largest companies in the United States so it’s expected that they’d dominate in both holdings lists. Both funds are capitalization-weighted (cap weighted) rather than equal or price-weighted, meaning they hold more of companies with higher market capitalization.
Fund Data
The table below gives a side-by-side comparison of some of the basic features of both the VOO and the VTI:
| Fund/ Feature | VOO | VTI |
|---|---|---|
| Asset Class | Domestic stock – general | Domestic stock – general |
| Category | Large blend | Large blend |
| When Launched | 09/07/2010 | 5/24/2001 |
| Expense Ratio | 0.03% | 0.03% |
| Market price (as of 12/1/2023) | $421.75 | $228.14 |
| 30-day SEC Yield (as of 10/31/2023) | 1.60% | 1.59% |
| Total Net Assets | $856.1 billion | $1.4 trillion |
| Number of Stocks | 507 | 3793 |
| Dividend Distributions | Quarterly | Quarterly |
Performance History
Surprisingly, a close look at the average annual returns of the two funds in recent years yields little insight into the difference between the two. Most of that difference, which favors VOO, has occurred in the past year.
VOO Performance History (11/30/2023)
| 1-yr | 3-yr | 5-yr | 10-yr | Since inception 09/07/2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VOO (Market Price) | 13.90% | 9.69% | 12.50% | 11.77% | 13.58% |
| VOO (NAV) | 13.80% | 9.71% | 12.47% | 11.77% | 13.58% |
| Benchmark | 13.84% | 9.76% | 12.51% | 11.82% | 13.62% |
VTI Performance History (1/31/2022)
| 1-yr | 3-yr | 5-yr | 10-yr | Since inception 09/07/2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VTI (Market Price) | 12.73% | 8.14% | 11.71% | 11.15% | 8.06% |
| VTI (NAV) | 12.65% | 8.15% | 11.69% | 11.15% | 8.06% |
| Benchmark | 12.59% | 8.14% | 11.69% | 11.16% | 8.07% |
In comparing the returns between the two funds, VOO has outperformed VTI.
And though VOO also comes out on top in all time frames, the difference between the two funds has been modest.
Translation: Just because the S&P 500 outperformed the broader market in 2023 doesn’t mean it will always be the case. In some years, mid-cap stocks – especially small-cap stocks – have led the pack, placing the advantage in favor of VTI in future years.
It would be best to ignore returns since inception. VTI launched in May 2001, right in the midst of the Dot-com bust. It also enjoyed the 2008 financial crisis. The experience of one-and-a-half bear markets can be seen in VTI’s returns since inception.
By contrast, Vanguard launched VOO in the middle of 2010, which means it conveniently missed both of those bear markets and has a much higher “since inception” return.
Related Post: VTSAX vs. VTI: Which Will Get You to FIRE Faster?
VOO vs. VTI – Is One Better?
Given the popularity of both funds, each one is a winner. Deciding which one will work best for you depends on what you need out of the fund.
VOO is a much more narrowly focused fund (by comparison), investing only in the 500 largest publicly-traded companies in the US. Stocks in those companies have done extraordinarily well in the current bull market that began in 2009. For many investors, large caps have been the go-to stocks. In particular, the S&P 500 – and thus VOO – easily outperformed the broader market in 2023.
But that doesn’t mean that performance is a permanent feature. That one-year performance has skewed the fund’s 3, 5, and ten-year performances ahead of the broader market. If market return were to shift from large-cap to mid or small-cap stocks, the situation could reverse.
That’s where VTI could be the better choice. It also includes all the companies in the S&P 500 index, so you won’t be missing out if that group continues to lead. But if leadership shifts to smaller companies, the VTI will likely outperform the VOO.
If you’re evaluating the two funds, you might also be concerned about company concentrations. While the top 10 holdings of VTI make up 25% of the fund’s total value, the top 10 of the VOO exceed 30%. That kind of concentration means that if just two or three stocks go on a long, slow downward trajectory, the performance of the entire fund will be negatively affected.
Such a high concentration has become typical of funds in recent years. But if it concerns you, VTI may be the better choice.
But overall, both of these funds give you exposure to the U.S. stock market, are inexpensive, and have been performing well for years.
